About This Library
This source library compiles every research study, report, dataset, and publication cited across the CROWN website. Sources are organised by category and formatted as proper citations. Where available, links to the original publication or a stable institutional repository are provided.
This library is updated as new research is published and as CROWN’s own research programme produces peer-reviewed findings.
Hair Discrimination Prevalence and Impact
Dove and LinkedIn. “CROWN Workplace Research Study: The Impact of Hair Discrimination on Black Women in the Workplace.” Dove CROWN Coalition, 2023. Available at: thecrownact.com/research-studies.
Koval, C. Z. and Rosette, A. S. “The Natural Hair Bias in Job Recruitment.” Social Psychological and Personality Science, vol. 12, no. 5, 2021, pp. 741-750.
Yale University, Department of Psychology. “The Impact of Hair Discrimination on Identity, Wellbeing, and Professional Outcomes.” Research report, 2024.
University of Connecticut, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences. “Hair Satisfaction and Psychosocial Outcomes in Adolescent Girls: A Longitudinal Study.” Research report, 2025.
Opie, T. R. and Phillips, K. W. “Hair Penalties: The Negative Influence of Afrocentric Hair on Ratings of Black Women’s Dominance and Professionalism.” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 6, 2015.
Rosette, A. S. and Dumas, T. L. “The Hair Dilemma: Conform, Resist, or Transform? Consequences of Hair Style Decisions for Black Women in Corporate America.” Academy of Management Proceedings, 2007.
Greene, D. W. “Black Women Can’t Have Blonde Hair… in the Workplace.” Journal of Gender, Race and Justice, vol. 14, no. 2, 2011, pp. 405-430.
Hair Science and Diagnostics
Washington State University. “Deep Hair Phenomics: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Hair Classification Using Computational Imaging.” Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 2024.
Loussouarn, G., El Rawadi, C. and Genain, G. “Diversity of Hair Growth Profiles.” International Journal of Dermatology, vol. 44, suppl. 1, 2005, pp. 6-9.
Franbourg, A. et al. “Current Research on Ethnic Hair.” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 48, no. 6, suppl., 2003, pp. S115-S119.
Robbins, C. R. Chemical and Physical Behavior of Human Hair. 5th ed., Springer, 2012.
Thibaut, S. et al. “Human Hair Shape Is Programmed from the Bulb.” British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 152, no. 4, 2005, pp. 632-638.
de la Mettrie, R. et al. “Shape Variability and Classification of Human Hair: A Worldwide Approach.” Human Biology, vol. 79, no. 3, 2007, pp. 265-281.
Rudnicka, L. et al. Atlas of Trichoscopy: Dermoscopy in Hair and Scalp Disease. Springer, 2012.
Health Impacts
Chang, C. et al. “Use of Straighteners and Other Hair Products and Incident Uterine Cancer.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 114, no. 12, 2022, pp. 1636-1645.
Zota, A. R. and Shamasunder, B. “The Environmental Injustice of Beauty: Framing Chemical Exposures from Beauty Products as a Health Disparities Concern.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 217, no. 4, 2017, pp. 418.e1-418.e6.
Helm, J. S. et al. “Measurement of Endocrine Disrupting and Asthma-Associated Chemicals in Hair Products Used by Black Women.” Environmental Research, vol. 165, 2018, pp. 358-368.
James-Todd, T. et al. “Racial/Ethnic Differences in Hormonally-Active Hair Product Use: A Plausible Risk Factor for Health Disparities.” Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, vol. 14, no. 3, 2012, pp. 506-511.
Association of Black Psychologists. “Position Statement on Aesthetic Trauma and Identity-Based Appearance Discrimination.” ABS Position Papers, 2023.
European Discrimination and Policy
OECD. “Combatting Discrimination in the EU: Progress and Challenges.” OECD Policy Report, 2025.
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). “Being Black in the EU: Experiences of People of African Descent.” EU-MIDIS II Survey, 2018.
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). “Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey: Main Results.” FRA Report, 2017.
European Commission. “Racial Equality Directive 2000/43/EC: Report on the Application of Directive 2000/43/EC.” Commission Report, 2021.
Swiss Federal Commission against Racism (EKR/CFR). “Racism in Switzerland: Monitoring Report.” Annual Report, 2024.
Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC). “Guidance on School Uniform Policies and Discrimination.” EHRC Guidance, 2022.
Defenseur des Droits (France). “Annual Report on Discrimination.” Defenseur des Droits, 2024.
Legislation
Serva, O. “Proposition de loi visant a reconnaitre et a sanctionner la discrimination capillaire.” National Assembly (France), Bill No. 1641, 2024. Adopted by the National Assembly 44-2.
US Congress. “Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair Act of 2022 (CROWN Act).” H.R. 2116, 117th Congress.
California State Legislature. “SB 188 — CROWN Act.” Signed into law July 3, 2019.
Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation. Article 8 (Equality before the Law). SR 101.
Council of the European Union. “Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 Implementing the Principle of Equal Treatment between Persons Irrespective of Racial or Ethnic Origin.” Official Journal of the European Communities, L 180/22, 2000.
Equality Act 2010 (United Kingdom). c. 15.
Psychology and Identity
Byrd, A. D. and Tharps, L. L. Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. St. Martin’s Press, 2001; revised edition 2014.
Thompson, C. “Black Women, Beauty, and Hair as a Matter of Being.” Women’s Studies, vol. 38, no. 8, 2009, pp. 831-856.
Johnson, T. A. and Bankhead, T. “Hair It Is: Examining the Experiences of Black Women with Natural Hair.” Open Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1, 2014, pp. 145-152.
Patton, T. O. “Hey Girl, Am I More than My Hair? African American Women and Their Struggles with Beauty, Body Image, and Hair.” NWSA Journal, vol. 18, no. 2, 2006, pp. 24-51.
Robinson, C. L. “Hair as Race: Why ‘Good Hair’ May Be Bad for Black Females.” Howard Journal of Communications, vol. 22, no. 4, 2011, pp. 358-376.
Ellis-Hervey, N. et al. “African American Personal Presentation: Psychology of Hair and Self-Perception.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 47, no. 8, 2016, pp. 869-882.
Economic and Market Research
Mintel. “Black Haircare Market Report: US Market Analysis.” Mintel Group, 2023.
Euromonitor International. “Hair Care in Western Europe: Market Analysis and Forecast.” Euromonitor, 2024.
McKinsey & Company. “The Economic State of Black America.” McKinsey Institute Report, 2021.
Therapeutic Modalities
Beck, J. S. Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Basics and Beyond. 3rd ed., Guilford Press, 2020.
Shapiro, F. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy. 3rd ed., Guilford Press, 2018.
Church, D. et al. “Clinical EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) as Single Session Therapy: Cases, Research, Indications, and Cautions.” In Hoyt, M. F. and Talmon, M. (eds.), Capturing the Moment: Single Session Therapy and Walk-In Services, CROWN House Publishing, 2014.
Berceli, D. The Revolutionary Trauma Release Process: Transcend Your Toughest Times. Namaste Publishing, 2008.
Brown, R. P. and Gerbarg, P. L. “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing in the Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 11, no. 4, 2005, pp. 711-717.
Koulivand, P. H. et al. “Lavender and the Nervous System.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, Article ID 681304.
van der Kolk, B. A. The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Viking, 2014.
Data Protection and Ethics
European Parliament and Council. “Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation).” Official Journal of the European Union, L 119/1, 2016.
Swiss Federal Assembly. “Federal Act on Data Protection (nDSG/nLPD).” SR 235.1, revised 2020, effective September 1, 2023.
World Medical Association. “Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects.” Amended 2013.
Notes on This Library
Living document. This library is updated as new research is published and as CROWN’s own research produces citable outputs.
Verification. CROWN traces every cited statistic to its original source. Secondary media reports are not cited without verification against the primary research.
CROWN’s own research. CROWN’s CDI Pilot Study, developed in consultation with the University of Geneva, is currently in progress. When published, it will be the first European-origin entry in this library’s discrimination prevalence section.
Suggest a source. Researchers who have published work relevant to CROWN’s mission are invited to submit citations for inclusion via [email protected].
For analysis built on these sources, see Key Statistics. For CROWN’s own research programme, see Research Overview.